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定积分 1

定积分的计算依赖于不定积分的计算,其基本方法是利用 N-L 公式

\[ \displaystyle\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \mathrm{d}x = F(b) - F(a) \]

即算出 \(f(x)\) 的原函数 \(F(x)\) 后,在区间 \([a, b]\) 的端点上作差即可。

但是,一个函数在区间 \([a, b]\) 上可积与在区间 \([a, b]\) 上存在原函数是两个截然不同的概念。

有些函数 \(f(x)\) 在区间 \([a, b]\) 上可积,但是却不存在原函数;有的函数 \(f(x)\) 在区间 \([a, b]\) 上存在原函数 \(F(x)\),但是却不可积。

所以,利用 N-L 公式计算定积分的前提是——函数 \(f(x)\) 在区间 \([a, b]\) 上不仅存在原函数,而且还可积。

显然,对于那些可积却又不存在原函数的函数 \(f(x)\),在求其定积分 \(\displaystyle\int_{a}^{b} f(x) \mathrm{d}x\) 时,无法使用 N-L 公式。并且,即便一个函数 \(f(x)\) 既存在原函数,也可积,但是其原函数很有可能不是初等函数(通俗一点来说,指的是这种函数的原函数 \(F(x)\) 理论上是存在的,但是你求不出它的具体表达式,比如

\[ \displaystyle\int \dfrac{\sin x}{x} \mathrm{d}x\ 、 \displaystyle\int e^{-x^{2}} \mathrm{d}x \]

所以虽然 N-L 公式理论上是成立的,但是却无法用其进行定积分的计算(因为 \(F(x)\) 的表示你都求不出来

基于以上种种原因,我们需要找到一些其它的方法来计算定积分的值,常用的技巧有如下几个:

利用几何意义

Example

如计算

\[ \displaystyle\int_{0}^{2} \sqrt{4 - x^{2}} \mathrm{d}x \]

利用奇偶性

\(f(x)\) 为奇函数,则 \(\displaystyle\int_{-a}^{a} f(x) \mathrm{d}x = 0\);若 \(f(x)\) 为偶函数,则 \(\displaystyle\int_{-a}^{a} f(x) \mathrm{d}x = 2\displaystyle\int_{0}^{a} f(x) \mathrm{d}x\)

Example

如计算

\[ \displaystyle\int_{-1}^{1} \sin^{2}x \cdot \ln(x + \sqrt{1 + x^{2}}) \mathrm{d}x 、 \displaystyle\int_{-1}^{1} \dfrac{x + 1}{1 + \sqrt[3]{x^{2}}} \mathrm{d}x \]

利用周期性

Example

\(f(x)\) 可积且周期为 \(T\),则

\[ \displaystyle\int_{a}^{a + nT} f(x) \mathrm{d}x = n\displaystyle\int_{0}^{T} f(x) \mathrm{d}x \]

(其中 \(a\) 可取任意的实数。请证明该结论,并计算

\[ \displaystyle\int_{2}^{2 + 10\pi}|\sin x| \mathrm{d}x 、 \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \sqrt{1 - \sin x} \mathrm{d}x 、 \displaystyle\int_{e^{-2n\pi}}^{1}\left|\dfrac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x} \cos(\ln\dfrac{1}{x})\right| \mathrm{d}x \]

利用 N-L 公式

例题 1

(1) 计算 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} \dfrac{x^{2} \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1 - x^{2}}}\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\(\arcsin x = t\),则 \(x = \sin t\)\(\mathrm{d}x = \cos t \mathrm{d}t\)。当 \(x=0\) \(t=0\);当 \(x=1\) \(t=\dfrac{\pi}{2}\)

\[ \begin{aligned} \text{原式} &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} t \sin^{2}t \mathrm{d}t = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} t \sin^{2}t \mathrm{d}t = \dfrac{1}{2}\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} t(1 - \cos 2t) \mathrm{d}t \\ &= \dfrac{t^2}{4}\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} - \dfrac{1}{2}\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} t \cos 2t \mathrm{d}t \\ &= \dfrac{\pi^2}{16} - \dfrac{1}{2}\left( \dfrac{1}{2}t\sin 2t\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} - \dfrac{1}{2}\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin 2t \mathrm{d}t \right) \\ &= \dfrac{\pi^2}{16} - \dfrac{1}{8}\cos 2t\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} = \dfrac{\pi^2}{16} + \dfrac{1}{4} \end{aligned} \]

(2) 计算 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{3} \arcsin\sqrt{\dfrac{x}{1 + x}}\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\(t = \arcsin\sqrt{\dfrac{x}{1 + x}}\),则 \(x = \tan^2 t\)。当 \(x=0\) \(t=0\);当 \(x=3\) \(t=\dfrac{\pi}{3}\)

\[ \begin{aligned} \text{原式} &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} t \mathrm{d}(\tan^2 t) = t \tan^2 t\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} - \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \tan^2 t \mathrm{d}t \\ &= \pi - (\tan t - t)\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} = \pi - \left(\sqrt{3} - \dfrac{\pi}{3}\right) = \dfrac{4\pi}{3} - \sqrt{3} \end{aligned} \]

(3) 计算 \(\displaystyle\int_{1}^{16} \arctan\sqrt{\sqrt{x} - 1}\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\(t = \arctan\sqrt{\sqrt{x} - 1}\),则 \(\tan t = \sqrt{\sqrt{x} - 1} \implies \tan^2 t + 1 = \sqrt{x} \implies x = \sec^4 t\)。 当 \(x=1\)\(t=0\);当 \(x=16\)\(t=\dfrac{\pi}{3}\)

\[ \begin{aligned} \text{原式} &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} t \mathrm{d}(\sec^4 t) = t \sec^4 t\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} - \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \sec^4 t \mathrm{d}t \\ &= \dfrac{16\pi}{3} - \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} \sec^2 t \mathrm{d}(\tan t) \\ &= \dfrac{16\pi}{3} - \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} (\tan^2 t + 1) \mathrm{d}(\tan t) \\ &= \dfrac{16\pi}{3} - \left( \dfrac{\tan^3 t}{3} + \tan t \right)\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{3}} = \dfrac{16\pi}{3} - 2\sqrt{3} \end{aligned} \]

(4) 计算 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin x\ln \sin x\mathrm{d}x\)

Note

本题被积函数出现瑕点 \(x = 0\),本质是收敛的反常积分。

Solution

先计算不定积分:

\[ \begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int \sin x \cdot \ln\sin x \mathrm{d}x &= -\cos x \cdot \ln\sin x + \displaystyle\int \dfrac{\cos^2 x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= -\cos x \cdot \ln\sin x + \displaystyle\int \dfrac{1 - \sin^2 x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= -\cos x \cdot \ln\sin x + \cos x - \ln(\csc x - \cot x) \end{aligned} \]

再计算定积分(取极限

\[ \begin{aligned} \text{原式} &= \left[-\cos x \cdot \ln\sin x + \cos x - \ln(\csc x - \cot x)\right]\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \\ &= 0 - \lim_{x \to 0} \left[ -\cos x \cdot \ln\sin x + \cos x + \ln(\csc x - \cot x) \right] \\ &= -1 + \lim_{x \to 0} \cos x \cdot \ln\sin x - \ln(\csc x - \cot x) \\ &= -1 + \lim_{x \to 0} \left(1 - \dfrac{x^2}{2} + o(x^2)\right) \cdot \ln\sin x - \ln(\csc x - \cot x) \\ &= -1 + \lim_{x \to 0} \ln\sin x - \ln(\csc x - \cot x) - \dfrac{1}{2}\lim_{x \to 0} x^2 \cdot \ln\sin x \\ &= -1 + \lim_{x \to 0} \ln\dfrac{\sin^2 x}{1 - \cos x} - \dfrac{1}{2}\lim_{x \to 0} \dfrac{\ln\sin x}{1/x^2} \\ &= -1 + \ln\left(\lim_{x \to 0} \dfrac{\sin^2 x}{1 - \cos x}\right) - \dfrac{1}{2}\lim_{x \to 0} \dfrac{\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}}{-2/x^3} = \ln 2 - 1 \end{aligned} \]

例题 2

判断以下计算是否正确并说明原因,若错请更正:

\[ \displaystyle\int_{-1}^{1}\left(\arctan\dfrac{1}{x}\right)'\mathrm{d}x=\arctan\dfrac{1}{x}\bigg|_{-1}^{1}=\arctan1 - \arctan(-1)=\dfrac{\pi}{4}-\left(-\dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)=\dfrac{\pi}{2} \]

Solution

错误。积分区间存在无定义的点 \(x=0\)

正确做法:

\[ \begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int_{-1}^{1}\left(\arctan\dfrac{1}{x}\right)'\mathrm{d}x &= \displaystyle\int_{-1}^{0}\left(\arctan\dfrac{1}{x}\right)'\mathrm{d}x + \displaystyle\int_{0}^{1}\left(\arctan\dfrac{1}{x}\right)'\mathrm{d}x \\ &= \lim_{x \to 0^-} \arctan\dfrac{1}{x} + \dfrac{\pi}{4} + \dfrac{\pi}{4} - \lim_{x \to 0^+} \arctan\dfrac{1}{x} \\ &= -\dfrac{\pi}{2} + \dfrac{\pi}{2} - \dfrac{\pi}{2} = -\dfrac{\pi}{2} \end{aligned} \]

类题 1

计算定积分 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \dfrac{1}{1 + \sin^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\(t = \pi - x\) 或利用对称性:

\[ \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \dfrac{1}{1 + \sin^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x = 2\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{1}{1 + \sin^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x \xrightarrow{\text{同除}\cos^2 x} 2\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sec^2 x}{1 + \tan^2 x + \tan^2 x} \mathrm{d}x = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\pi \]

类题 2

计算 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{2\pi} \dfrac{1}{1 + \cos^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

利用周期性和偶函数的对称性:

\[ \begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int_{0}^{2\pi} \dfrac{1}{1 + \cos^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x &= 4\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{1}{1 + \cos^{2}x}\mathrm{d}x = 4\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sec^2 x}{\sec^2 x + 1}\mathrm{d}x \\ &= 4\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sec^2 x}{\tan^2 x + 2}\mathrm{d}x = 4\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{1}{\tan^2 x + 2}\mathrm{d}(\tan x) \\ &= 2\sqrt{2} \arctan\left(\dfrac{\tan x}{\sqrt{2}}\right)\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} = \sqrt{2}\pi \end{aligned} \]

类题 3

\(f(x)=\dfrac{(x + 1)^{2}(x - 1)}{x^{3}(x - 2)}\),计算

\[ I=\displaystyle\int_{-1}^{3} \dfrac{f'(x)}{1 + f^{2}(x)}\mathrm{d}x \]

Solution

注意函数 \(f(x)\) \(x=0\) \(x=2\) 处无定义,需分段计算。

\[ \begin{aligned} I &= \displaystyle\int_{-1}^{3} \dfrac{f'(x)}{1 + f^{2}(x)} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \displaystyle\int_{-1}^{0} \dfrac{f'(x)}{1 + f^{2}(x)} \mathrm{d}x + \displaystyle\int_{0}^{2} \dfrac{f'(x)}{1 + f^{2}(x)} \mathrm{d}x + \displaystyle\int_{2}^{3} \dfrac{f'(x)}{1 + f^{2}(x)} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \left(\lim_{x \to 0^-}\arctan f(x) - \arctan f(-1)\right) + \left(\lim_{x \to 2^-}\arctan f(x) - \lim_{x \to 0^+}\arctan f(x)\right) \\ &\quad + \left(\arctan f(3) - \lim_{x \to 2^+}\arctan f(x)\right) \\ &= \left(-\dfrac{\pi}{2}\right) + \left(-\dfrac{\pi}{2} - \dfrac{\pi}{2}\right) + \left(\arctan\dfrac{32}{27} - \dfrac{\pi}{2}\right) = -2\pi + \arctan\dfrac{32}{27} \end{aligned} \]

利用三角函数的一些恒等式

例题 3

\(I_{n}=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{2\pi} \sin^{n}x\mathrm{d}x,J_{n}=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{2\pi} \cos^{n}x\mathrm{d}x\),有下列常用结论。

(1) 对于任意正整数 \(n\),均有 \(I_{n}=J_{n}\)

(2) \(n\) 是偶数时, $$ I_{n}=4\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin^{n}x\mathrm{d}x = 4\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos^{n}x\mathrm{d}x $$

(3) \(n\) 是奇数时,\(I_{n}=0\)

证略。

例题 4

计算 \(\displaystyle\int \dfrac{\sin10x}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

注意到:

\[ \dfrac{\sin 10x}{\sin x} = 2(\cos x + \cos 3x + \cos 5x + \cos 7x + \cos 9x) \]
\[ \therefore\displaystyle\int \dfrac{\sin 10x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x = \displaystyle\int 2\sum\limits_{i=1}^{5} \cos(2k - 1)x \mathrm{d}x = 2\sum\limits_{i=1}^{5} \dfrac{\sin(2k - 1)x}{2k - 1} + C \]

例题 5

计算 \(I_{n}=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \dfrac{\sin(2n + 1)x}{\sin x}\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\[ \begin{aligned} I_n - I_{n-1} &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \dfrac{\sin(2n + 1)x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x - \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \dfrac{\sin(2n - 1)x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \dfrac{\sin(2n + 1)x - \sin(2n - 1)x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \dfrac{2\cos 2nx \cdot \sin x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} 2\cos 2nx \mathrm{d}x = \dfrac{\sin 2nx}{n}\bigg|_{0}^{\pi} = 0 \end{aligned} \]

所以 \(I_n = I_0 = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\pi} \dfrac{\sin x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x = \pi\)

例题 6

\(a_{n}=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\left(\dfrac{\sin nx}{\sin x}\right)^{2}\mathrm{d}x\),计算 \(a_{n}\)

Solution

\[ \begin{aligned} a_{n+1} - a_n &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sin^2(n+1)x - \sin^2 nx}{\sin^2 x} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{(\sin(n+1)x + \sin nx)(\sin(n+1)x - \sin nx)}{\sin^2 x} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{2\sin\dfrac{2n+1}{2}x \cos\dfrac{x}{2} \cdot 2\cos\dfrac{2n+1}{2}x \sin\dfrac{x}{2}}{\sin^2 x} \mathrm{d}x \\ &= \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sin x \sin(2n+1)x}{\sin^2 x} \mathrm{d}x = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sin(2n+1)x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x \end{aligned} \]

\(I_n = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sin(2n+1)x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x\),由前题类似推导可得:

\[ I_n - I_{n-1} = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sin(2n+1)x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x - \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \dfrac{\sin(2n-1)x}{\sin x} \mathrm{d}x = 0 \]

所以 \(I_n = I_0 = \dfrac{\pi}{2}\)

\(a_{n+1} - a_n = \dfrac{\pi}{2}\)。因为 \(a_1 = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \left(\dfrac{\sin x}{\sin x}\right)^2 \mathrm{d}x = \dfrac{\pi}{2}\),所以 \(a_n = \dfrac{n\pi}{2}\)

利用函数的对称性

例题 7

计算积分 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1}(1 - x)^{100}x\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\(t = 1-x\)

\[ \displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} (1-x)^{100}x \mathrm{d}x \xrightarrow{t=1-x} \displaystyle\int_{1}^{0} t^{100}(1-t)(-\mathrm{d}t) = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} t^{100}(1-t)\mathrm{d}t = \left(\dfrac{t^{101}}{101} - \dfrac{t^{102}}{102}\right)\bigg|_{0}^{1} = \dfrac{1}{101} - \dfrac{1}{102} = \dfrac{1}{10302} \]

例题 8

计算积分 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{2} x(x - 1)(x - 2)\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\(t = x-1\)

\[ \displaystyle\int_{0}^{2} x(x-1)(x-2) \mathrm{d}x \xrightarrow{t=x-1} \displaystyle\int_{-1}^{1} (t+1)t(t-1) \mathrm{d}t \]

\(f(t) = (t+1)t(t-1)\)

\(f(-t) = (-t+1)(-t)(-t-1) = -(t+1)t(t-1) = -f(t)\)

所以 \(f(t)\) 是关于 \(t\) 的奇函数,故积分值为 \(0\)

类题 计算积分 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{2n} x(x-1)(x-2)\cdots(x-n)\cdots(x-(2n-1))(x-2n)\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\[ \begin{aligned} &\quad \displaystyle\int_{0}^{2n} x(x-1)(x-2)\dots(x-n)\dots[x-(2n-1)](x-2n) \mathrm{d}x \\ &\xrightarrow{t=x-n} \displaystyle\int_{-n}^{n} (t+n)(t+(n-1))\dots t \dots (t-(n-1))(t-n) \mathrm{d}t \\ &= \displaystyle\int_{-n}^{n} t(t^2-n^2)(t^2-(n-1)^2)\dots(t^2-1) \mathrm{d}t = 0 \end{aligned} \]

(被积函数为奇函数)

例题 9

计算 \(\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1}\left|x - \dfrac{1}{2}\right|^{5}x^{n}(1 - x)^{n}\mathrm{d}x\)

Solution

\(t = x - \dfrac{1}{2}\)

\[ \begin{aligned} \text{原式} &\xrightarrow{t=x-\frac{1}{2}} \displaystyle\int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}} |t|^5 \left(t+\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^n \left(\dfrac{1}{2}-t\right)^n \mathrm{d}t = \displaystyle\int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}} |t|^5 \left(\dfrac{1}{4}-t^2\right)^n \mathrm{d}t \\ &= 2\displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{2}} t^5 \left(\dfrac{1}{4}-t^2\right)^n \mathrm{d}t = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{2}} t^4 \left(\dfrac{1}{4}-t^2\right)^n \mathrm{d}(t^2) \\ &\xrightarrow{u=\frac{1}{4}-t^2} \displaystyle\int_{\frac{1}{4}}^{0} \left(\dfrac{1}{4}-u\right)^2 u^n (-\mathrm{d}u) = \displaystyle\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{4}} \left(\dfrac{1}{16} - \dfrac{u}{2} + u^2\right)u^n \mathrm{d}u \\ &= \left(\dfrac{u^{n+1}}{16(n+1)} - \dfrac{u^{n+2}}{2(n+2)} + \dfrac{u^{n+3}}{n+3}\right)\bigg|_{0}^{\frac{1}{4}} \\ &= \dfrac{1}{4^{n+3}}\left(\dfrac{1}{n+1} - \dfrac{2}{n+2} + \dfrac{1}{n+3}\right) \end{aligned} \]