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期中模拟试题

  1. 计算极限
\[ \lim\limits_{x \to \frac{\pi}{6}} \dfrac{1-2\sin{x}}{6x-\pi} \]

Answer

\(t=x-\dfrac{\pi}{6}\),原式 \(= \lim\limits_{t \to 0} \dfrac{1-2\sin(t+\frac{\pi}{6})}{6t} = \lim\limits_{t \to 0} \dfrac{(1-\cos{t})-\sqrt{3}\sin{t}}{6t} = -\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{6}\)


  1. 用定义证明:若数列 \(\{a_n\}\) 单调递增且无上界,则 \(\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} a_n = +\infty\)

Answer

要证明 \(\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} a_n = +\infty\),根据极限的定义,即需证明:对任意给定的正数 \(M\),总存在正整数 \(N\),使得当 \(n>N\) 时,恒有 \(a_n > M\)

任取 \(M > 0\)。由于数列 \(\{a_n\}\) 无上界,因此对于这个给定的 \(M\),在数列中必定存在某一项 \(a_N\),使得 \(a_N > M\)

又因为数列 \(\{a_n\}\) 是单调递增的,所以对于任何 \(n > N\),都有 \(a_n \ge a_N\)

综合以上两点,当 \(n>N\) 时,恒有 \(a_n \ge a_N > M\),即 \(a_n > M\)

因此,对于任意 \(M > 0\),都存在一个正整数 \(N\),使得当 \(n>N\) \(a_n > M\) 成立。根据定义,\(\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} a_n = +\infty\)


  1. 计算极限
\[ \lim\limits_{x \to 0} \left( \dfrac{e^{-x} + \cos{\sqrt{\frac{x}{1+x}}}}{2} \right)^{\frac{1}{\tan{x}}} \]

Answer

\[ = \lim\limits_{x \to 0} e^{\frac{1}{\tan{x}} \ln\left(1 + \frac{e^{-x}-1}{2} + \frac{\cos\sqrt{\frac{x}{1+x}}-1}{2}\right)} = \lim\limits_{x \to 0} e^{\frac{1}{\tan{x}} \left(\frac{e^{-x}-1}{2} + \frac{\cos\sqrt{\frac{x}{1+x}}-1}{2}\right)} \]
\[ = \lim\limits_{x \to 0} e^{\frac{1}{x} \left(\frac{-x}{2} + \frac{-\frac{1}{2}(\frac{x}{1+x})}{2}\right)} = \lim\limits_{x \to 0} e^{-\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4(1+x)}} = e^{-\frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4}} = e^{-\frac{3}{4}} \]

  1. 计算极限
\[ \lim\limits_{n \to \infty} \dfrac{1!+2!+3!+\dots+n!}{n!} \]

Answer

解:对前 \(n-2\) 项放缩 \(1!+2!+\dots+(n-2)! \le (n-2) \cdot (n-2)! < (n-1)!\)

\[ 1!+2!+\dots+n! = 1!+2!+\dots+(n-2)! + (n-1)! + n! \]
\[< (n-1)! + (n-1)! + n! = 2(n-1)! + n!\]
\[ \therefore 1 < \text{原式} < \dfrac{2(n-1)!+n!}{n!} \]

由夹逼定理知该极限为 \(1\)


  1. \(y=y(x)\) \(x^2+y^2+y=e^{x-y}\) 确定,且 \(y(0)=0\),求 \(y'(0), y''(0)\)

Answer

解:等式两端对 \(x\) 求导

\[ 2x + 2y \cdot y' + y' = e^{x-y}(1-y') \quad \text{①} \]

\(x=0, y=0\) 代入得 \(y' = 1-y' \implies y'(0) = \dfrac{1}{2}\)

① 式再对 \(x\) 求导,

\[ 2+2y'y'+2yy''+y'' = e^{x-y}(1-y')^2 - e^{x-y}y'' \]

代入 \(x=0, y=0, y'=\dfrac{1}{2}\)

\[ 2+2(\frac{1}{2})^2+y'' = (1-\frac{1}{2})^2 - y'' \implies 2+\frac{1}{2}+y'' = \frac{1}{4}-y'' \implies y''(0)=-\frac{9}{8} \]

  1. 设函数 \(f(x) = \begin{cases} \ln{\sqrt{x}}, & x \ge 1 \\ 2x-1, & x < 1 \end{cases}\),设 \(y=f(f(x))\),求 \(\left. \dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \right|_{x=e}\)

Answer

解答:\(y=f(f(x)) \implies y=f(u), u=f(x)\)

\[ \left. \dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \right|_{x=e} = f'(u)f'(x)|_{x=e} = f'(f(e)) \cdot f'(e) \]
\[ = f'(\frac{1}{2}) \cdot f'(e) = 2 \cdot \dfrac{1}{2e} = \dfrac{1}{e} \]

  1. 曲线 \(C\) 的参数方程为: \(\begin{cases} x = t + \sin{t} \\ y = t - \cos{t} \end{cases}\) (1) \(t=0\) 处的切线方程 (2) \(y''(x)\) 的参数表达式。

Answer

\[ \dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \dfrac{\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}t}}{\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}} = \dfrac{1+\sin{t}}{1+\cos{t}} \]

(1) \(\left. \dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} \right|_{t=0} = \dfrac{1}{2}\)。当 \(t=0\) 时,\((x,y)=(0,-1)\)

切线方程 \(y+1 = \dfrac{1}{2}x\)

(2)

\[ \dfrac{\mathrm{d}^2y}{\mathrm{d}x^2} = \dfrac{\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}(\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x})}{\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}t}} = \dfrac{\frac{\cos{t}(1+\cos{t})-(1+\sin{t})(-\sin{t})}{(1+\cos{t})^2}}{1+\cos{t}} = \dfrac{1+\sin{t}+\cos{t}}{(1+\cos{t})^3} \]

  1. 极坐标系下曲线 \(C:r = 1+\theta e^{-\theta}\),求 \(\theta=0\) 处在直角坐标系下的切线方程

Answer

\(\begin{cases} x = r\cos{\theta} = (1+\theta e^{-\theta})\cos{\theta} \\ y = r\sin{\theta} = (1+\theta e^{-\theta})\sin{\theta} \end{cases}\)

\(\theta=0 \implies r=1 \implies\) 切点为 \((1,0)\)

\[ \dfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}\theta} = (e^{-\theta}-\theta e^{-\theta})\cos{\theta} - (1+\theta e^{-\theta})\sin{\theta} \]
\[ \dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}\theta} = (e^{-\theta}-\theta e^{-\theta})\sin{\theta} + (1+\theta e^{-\theta})\cos{\theta} \]

$$ \therefore \dfrac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}x} = \left. \dfrac{\frac{\mathrm{d}y}{\mathrm{d}\theta}}{\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{d}\theta}} \right|_{\theta=0} = \dfrac{1}{1} = 1 $$ \(\therefore\) 切线方程: \(y-0=1(x-1) \implies y=x-1\)


  1. \(y = \dfrac{1+x}{\sqrt{1-x}}\),求 \(y^{(100)}\)

Answer

解:\(y = \dfrac{1+x}{\sqrt{1-x}} = -\sqrt{1-x} + \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{1-x}} = -(1-x)^{\frac{1}{2}} + 2(1-x)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\)

\[ y^{(n)} = -(\frac{1}{2})(-\frac{1}{2})\dots(\frac{1}{2}-n+1)(1-x)^{\frac{1}{2}-n}(-1)^n + 2(-\frac{1}{2})\dots(-\frac{1}{2}-n+1)(1-x)^{-\frac{1}{2}-n}(-1)^n \]
\[ = \dfrac{(2n-3)!!(4n-1-x)}{2^n(1-x)^{n+\frac{1}{2}}} \]
\[ y^{(100)} = \dfrac{197!!(399-x)}{2^{100}(1-x)^{100}\sqrt{1-x}} \quad (x<1) \]

  1. \(f(x) = \begin{cases} x^3\sin{\dfrac{1}{x}} + e^{3x} & (x<0) \\ ax-b & (x \ge 0) \end{cases}\) \(x=0\) 处可导,求 \(a,b\)

Answer

\(f(0^+) = -b\)

\(f(0^-) = 0+e^0=1 \implies b=-1\)

\(f(0) = a\times0-b = -b = 1\) ( 连续性 )

\(f'_+(0) = \lim\limits_{x \to 0^+} \dfrac{ax+1-1}{x-0} = a\)

\(f'_-(0) = \lim\limits_{x \to 0^-} \dfrac{x^3\sin{\dfrac{1}{x}}+e^{3x}-1}{x-0} = \lim\limits_{x\to 0^-} (x^2\sin{\dfrac{1}{x}} + \dfrac{e^{3x}-1}{x}) = 0+3 = 3\)

综上 \(a=3, b=-1\)


  1. 求函数 \(f(x) = \lim\limits_{n \to \infty} \dfrac{1+x}{1+x^{2n}}\) 的间断点。

Answer

\[ f(x) = \lim\limits_{n \to \infty} \dfrac{1+x}{1+x^{2n}} = \begin{cases} 1+x & |x|<1 \text{时} \\ 0 & |x|>1 \text{时} \\ 1 & |x|=1 \text{时} \end{cases} \]
\[ \therefore f(x) = \begin{cases} 1+x & -1 < x < 1 \\ 0 & x<-1 \text{或} x>1 \\ 1 & x=1 \\ 0 & x=-1 \end{cases} \]

\(\therefore\) 间断点为 \(x = 1\)


  1. (1) 求函数 \(f(x) = x+\dfrac{4}{x^2}\) \(x>0\) 上的最小值。 (2) 设数列 \(\{x_n\}\) 满足 \(x_n>0\)\(x_n + \dfrac{4}{x_{n+1}^2} < 3\)。证明 \(\{x_n\}\) 收敛并求其极限。

Answer

(1) 由基本不等式可以知道

\[ f(x) = \dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{4}{x^2} \ge 3\sqrt{\dfrac{x}{2}\cdot\dfrac{x}{2}\cdot\dfrac{4}{x^2}} = 3\sqrt{1} = 3 \]

当且仅当 \(\dfrac{x}{2}=\dfrac{4}{x^2}\),即 \(x=2\) 时, \(f(x)=3\)

(2) 证明收敛性并求极限

① 证明单调性

(1) 知:\(x_{n+1} + \dfrac{4}{x_{n+1}^2} \ge 3\),而已知 \(x_n + \dfrac{4}{x_{n+1}^2} < 3\)

所以 \(x_n < 3 - \dfrac{4}{x_{n+1}^2} \le x_{n+1}\),即 \(x_{n+1} > x_n\),所以数列 \(\{x_n\}\) 是单调递增的。

② 证明有界性

\(x_n < 3 - \dfrac{4}{x_{n+1}^2} < 3\),所以 \(\{x_n\}\) 有上界 3

根据单调有界准则,\(\{x_n\}\) 收敛。

\(\lim\limits_{n \to \infty} x_n = L\)

对不等式 \(x_n + \dfrac{4}{x_{n+1}^2} < 3\) 两边取极限,得到 \(L+\dfrac{4}{L^2} \le 3\)

而由第 (1) 问的结论可知,对于任意 \(L>0\),必有 \(L+\dfrac{4}{L^2} \ge 3\)

所以 \(L+\dfrac{4}{L^2} = 3\)

整理该方程:\(L^3 - 3L^2 + 4 = 0\)。解得 \(L=2\) \(L=-1\)( 舍去 )

因此,数列 \(\{x_n\}\) 的极限是 \(\boxed{2}\)


  1. 已知 \(f(x)\) \([a,b]\) 上连续,在 \((a,b)\) 内可导,\(b>a>1\)。证明:存在 \(\xi, \eta \in (a,b)\),使
\[ f'(\eta) = \dfrac{b-a}{\eta(\ln b - \ln a)} f'(\xi) \]

Answer

解:

\(g(x) = \ln x\),在 \([a,b]\) 连续,\((a,b)\) 内可导。

\(g'(x) = (\ln x)' = \dfrac{1}{x} > 0\)\(x \in (a,b) \subset (1, +\infty)\)

由拉格朗日中值定理,存在 \(\xi \in (a,b)\),使得

\[ f(b) - f(a) = f'(\xi)(b-a) \quad \cdots ① \]

由柯西中值定理,存在 \(\eta \in (a,b)\),使得

\[ \dfrac{f'(\eta)}{g'(\eta)} = \dfrac{f(b)-f(a)}{g(b)-g(a)} \implies \dfrac{f'(\eta)}{\frac{1}{\eta}} = \dfrac{f(b)-f(a)}{\ln b - \ln a} \quad \cdots ② \]

由 ①② 得

\[ \eta f'(\eta) = \dfrac{f'(\xi)(b-a)}{\ln b - \ln a} \]
\[ \implies f'(\eta) = \dfrac{b-a}{\eta(\ln b - \ln a)} f'(\xi) \]